對(duì)于一個(gè)控制系統(tǒng),無論是采用DCS還是采用現(xiàn)場總線,系統(tǒng)需要處理的信息量至少是一樣多的。實(shí)際上,采用現(xiàn)場總線后,可以從現(xiàn)場得到更多的信息。現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)的信息量沒有減少,甚至增加了,而傳輸信息的線纜卻大大減少了。這就要求一方面要大大進(jìn)步線纜傳輸信息的能力,另一方面要讓大量信息在現(xiàn)場就地完成處理,減少現(xiàn)場與控制機(jī)房之間的信息往返。可以說現(xiàn)場總線的本質(zhì)就是信息處理的現(xiàn)場化。
減少信息往返是網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)和系統(tǒng)組態(tài)的一條重要原則。減少信息往返經(jīng)常可帶來改善系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)時(shí)間的好處。因此,網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)優(yōu)先將相互間信息交換量大的節(jié)點(diǎn),放在同一條支路里。
減少信息往返與減少系統(tǒng)的線纜有時(shí)會(huì)相互矛盾。這時(shí)仍應(yīng)以節(jié)省投資為原則來做選擇。假如所選擇系統(tǒng)的響應(yīng)時(shí)間答應(yīng)的話,應(yīng)選節(jié)省線纜的方案。如所選系統(tǒng)的響應(yīng)時(shí)間比較緊張,稍微減少一點(diǎn)信息的傳輸就夠用了,那就應(yīng)選減少信息傳輸?shù)姆桨浮?/div>
現(xiàn)在一些帶現(xiàn)場總線的現(xiàn)場儀表本身裝了很多功能塊,固然不同產(chǎn)品同種功能塊在性能上會(huì)稍有差別,但一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)支路上有很多功能雷同功能塊的情況是客觀存在的。選用哪一個(gè)現(xiàn)場儀表上的功能塊,是系統(tǒng)組態(tài)要解決的題目。
考慮這個(gè)題目的原則是:盡量減少總線上的信息往返。一般可以選擇與該功能有關(guān)的信息輸出最多的那臺(tái)儀表上的功能塊。
3.2 典型系統(tǒng)比較
通過使用現(xiàn)場總線,用戶可以大量減少現(xiàn)場接線,用單個(gè)現(xiàn)場儀表可實(shí)現(xiàn)多變量通訊,不同制造廠生產(chǎn)的裝置間可以完全互操縱,增加現(xiàn)場一級(jí)的控制功能,系統(tǒng)集成大大簡化,并且維護(hù)十分簡便。典型的現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)框圖示于圖1。從圖1中可以看出,傳統(tǒng)的過程控制儀表系統(tǒng)每個(gè)現(xiàn)場裝置到控制室都需使用一對(duì)專用的雙絞線,以傳送4~20mA信號(hào),圖2所示現(xiàn)場總線系統(tǒng)中,每個(gè)現(xiàn)場裝置到接線盒的雙絞線仍然可以使用,但是從現(xiàn)場接線盒到中心控制室僅用一根雙絞線完成數(shù)字通訊。
圖1:傳統(tǒng)的過程控制系統(tǒng)
通過采用現(xiàn)場總線控制系統(tǒng),到底能節(jié)省多少電纜,編者尚未做此計(jì)算。但是,我們不可以采用DCS系統(tǒng)的電廠中與自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)有關(guān)的所用電纜公里數(shù)看出,電纜在基建投資中所占份額。
某電廠,2×300MW燃煤機(jī)組。熱力系統(tǒng)為單元制。每臺(tái)機(jī)組設(shè)置一座集中控制樓,采用機(jī)、爐、電單元集中控制方式。單元控制室的標(biāo)高為12.6米,與運(yùn)行層標(biāo)高一致。DCS采用WDPF—Ⅱ,每臺(tái)機(jī)組設(shè)計(jì)的I/O點(diǎn)為4500點(diǎn)。
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